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there is no margin for error

  • 1 margin

    1) (the blank edge round a page of writing or print: Please write your comments in the margin.) margen
    2) (an edge or border: the margin of the lake.) margen
    3) (something extra, beyond what should be needed: Leave a wide margin for error!) margen
    •
    margin n margen
    tr['mɑːʤɪn]
    2 (difference, leeway) margen nombre masculino
    3 (edge, border) margen m & f; (of river) margen m & f
    margin ['mɑrʤən] n
    : margen m
    n.
    • borde s.m.
    • margen s.m.
    • orilla s.f.
    • reserva s.f.
    • sobrante s.m.
    'mɑːrdʒən, 'mɑːdʒɪn
    1) (on page, typewriter) margen m

    to set the margins — fijar los márgenes, marginar

    2)
    a) c u ( leeway) margen m

    margin of error/safety — margen de error/de seguridad

    b) ( Busn) ( of profit) margen m (de ganancia or de beneficio)
    3) ( fringe - of lake) (often pl) margen f; (- of society, debate) margen m
    ['mɑːdʒɪn]
    N
    1) (on page) margen m
    2) (fig) margen m

    margin of error — margen m de error

    margin of safety — margen m de seguridad

    to win by a wide/narrow margin — vencer por un amplio/estrecho margen

    they live on the margin(s) of society — viven al margen or marginados de la sociedad

    3) (Comm) (also: profit margin, margin of profit) margen m de beneficios
    * * *
    ['mɑːrdʒən, 'mɑːdʒɪn]
    1) (on page, typewriter) margen m

    to set the margins — fijar los márgenes, marginar

    2)
    a) c u ( leeway) margen m

    margin of error/safety — margen de error/de seguridad

    b) ( Busn) ( of profit) margen m (de ganancia or de beneficio)
    3) ( fringe - of lake) (often pl) margen f; (- of society, debate) margen m

    English-spanish dictionary > margin

  • 2 margin

    ['maːdʒɪn]
    n
    1) поле, поля (на странице)

    Leave a wide margin on the left-hand side of the page! — Оставьте широкие поля на левой стороне страницы.

    - wide margin
    - in the margin
    2) перевес, преимущество (при голосовании, в соревновании)

    The bill was passed by a narrow margin. — Законопроект был принят незначительным большинством голосов.

    The British voted by a large/wide margin to keep their currency. — Большинство британцев проголосовали за сохранение собственной валюты.

    - by a large margin
    3) допуск, предел допустимости, запас (о времени, пространстве, размере, деньгах), свобода (для действия), зазор (для чего-либо), зона (безопасности)

    Wide safety margins had been set. — В целях безопасности был сделан большой допуск. /В целях безопасности был установлен предел допустимого риска.

    There is no margin for error - we have to win. — Мы не можем ошибиться - мы обязаны победить. /У нас на ошибку нет допуска - мы обязаны победить.

    - margin of error
    - wide safety margins
    •
    USAGE:
    (1.) В отличие от соответствующего русского слова поля, английское margin не имеет формы множественного числа, согласуется с глаголом в единственном числе и может употребляться как с неопределенным, так и с определенным артиклем: to make notes in the margin делать пометки на полях; to leave a wide margin оставить широкие поля. (2.) See money, n

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > margin

  • 3 margin

    ˈmɑ:dʒɪn
    1. сущ.
    1) прилежащая, приграничная полоса( чего-л.) ;
    берег( озера, реки и т. п.) ;
    кромка, край( колодца, бассейна и т. п.) continental margin ≈ границы материка She stood there all alone at the margin of the woods. ≈ Она стояла совсем одна на опушке леса. Syn: edge, border
    1., brink
    2) а) минимум, нижняя грань, предел( чего-л. допустимого, возможного) on the margin of poverty/good taste ≈ на грани нищеты/безвкусицы margin of error/for mistakes ≈ предел погрешности/поправка, допуск на возможные ошибки left no margin for error ≈ без права на ошибку б) минимально допустимый или необходимый запас, резерв (времени, денег, средств и т. п.) My money margins were equal 50 bucks in total. ≈ Мои денежные запасы составляли 50 баксов в общем сложности. Within a certain margin of hours. ≈ За определенное количество отпущенных часов. в) разница;
    преимущество The bill passed by a one-vote margin. ≈ Законопроект был принят с преимуществом в один голос. by a slim/narrow margin ≈ тж. спорт с небольшим преимуществом, форой They won by a margin of two points. ≈ Они победили с преимуществом в два очка. margin of safety г) допустимое отклонение от расписания, графика (работ, движения и т. п.)
    3) а) поле, поля( книжной, газетной страницы и т. п.) to write/leave notes/remarks on (in) the margins ≈ делать, оставлять заметки на полях to adjust, set a margin ≈ устанавливать поле (при печатании на машинке) to justify a margin ≈ выравнивать границу (в текстовом редакторе) comfortable, handsome, large, wide margin ≈ большие, широкие поля narrow, slender, slim, small margin ≈ узкие поля б) сноски, примечания, заметки на полях;
    тж. перен. внешнее объяснение (см. пример) She viewed Mrs. Logan with a stern, steady gaze, as if reading her features as a margin to her intellect. ≈ Она сурово и пристально оглядела миссис Логан, будто пытаясь по внешнему виду определить, насколько та умна.
    4) коммерч., бирж. а) прибыль, разница между покупной и продажной ценой;
    маржа б) гарантийный задаток, взнос
    5) спец. а) детали и части деталей, не являющиеся скрепляющими б) стр. части шифера или черепицы, не покрытые лежащими выше листами
    2. гл.
    1) окаймлять, окружать, обрамлять (некоторое пространство) ;
    заключать в себе оставлять запас The broad belt of reeds which margined the river. ≈ Широкий пояс тростника, растущего по берегу реки. Syn: border
    2., edge, fringe
    2) обык. страд. делать, оставлять поля (на страницах книги и т. п.) Syn: border
    2.
    3) а) снабжать маленькими комментариями;
    украшать незначительными деталями, оттенять (литературное произведение, речь и т. п.) б) оставлять, делать заметки на полях
    4) коммерч., бирж. вносить, предоставлять задаток;
    использовать в качестве задатка поле (страницы) - notes on /in/ the * заметки на полях - to write on the *s писать на полях, делать заметки на полях - to adjust /set/ a * when typing установить поля на машинке край, грань;
    кайма;
    полоса;
    опушка( леса) - the * of a pool край бассейна - the * of a lake берег озера - * out of bounds( спортивное) пространство площадки за линиями (специальное) (допускаемый) предел - * of error пределы погрешности;
    допустимая погрешность - to allow a * for mistakes делать допуск на возможные ошибки, рассчитывать на возможные ошибки запас (денег, времени, места и т. п.) - a * of $10 for unforeseen expenses дополнительная /резервная/ сумма в десять долларов на непредвиденные расходы - he caught the train by a comfortable * он приехал к поезду заблаговременно - they won by a narrow /slim/ * они победили с небольшим преимуществом - he escaped defeat by a narrow * он едва избежал поражения;
    он был на грани поражения - he was allowed a certain * ему оставили кое-какую свободу действий (специальное) запас (мощности и т. п.) - * of safety запас прочности, коэффициент безопасности /запаса/, надежность - * of error пределы погрешности - * of lift (авиация) запас высоты;
    запас подъемной силы - * of speed запас скорости, преимущество в скорости допустимое отклонение от расписания (автобусов, поездов и т. п.) (экономика) прибыль - gross * валовая прибыль - profit * размер прибыли - * of profit коэффициент прибыли( биржевое) маржа;
    разница, разность;
    остаток( биржевое) гарантийный задаток, гарантийный взнос (геология) шельф снабжать полями - pages insufficiently *ed страницы с недостаточно широкими полями делать заметки, примечания на полях (книги, рукописи и т. п.) окаймлять - to * a pool with flowers обсадить бассейн цветами - river *ed with trees река, окаймленная деревьями оставлять запас ( биржевое) вносить гарантийную сумму (маклеру) bottom ~ вчт. нижнее поле ~ разница между себестоимостью и продажной ценой;
    прибыль;
    by a narrow margin едва, еле, с трудом contribution ~ предельный размер взноса fluctuation ~ предел колебаний gross ~ валовая прибыль gross ~ общий резерв электростанций gross profit ~ чистая валовая прибыль gross profit ~ чистый валовой доход inside ~ вчт. внутренное поле interest ~ процентная маржа interest ~ разница между двумя ставками процента interest ~ разница между ставками процента по активным и пассивным операциям justified ~ вчт. выровненное поле страницы lending ~ ссудная маржа loss ~ граница убытков ~ of error предел ошибки ~ of error вчт. предел погрешности ~ of error предел погрешности ~ of prices предел колебания цен ~ of profit доля прибыли в цене единицы продукта ~ of profit коэффициент доходности ~ of profit коэффициент прибыльности ~ of profit скидка розничным торговцам с установленных розничных цен ~ of profit точка самоокупаемости ~ of profit удельная валовая прибыль ~ of profit чистая прибыль ~ of profit чистый доход ~ запас (денег, времени и т. п.) ;
    margin of safety тех. надежность;
    коэффициент безопасности, запас прочности ~ of safety запас прочности ~ of safety коэффициент безопасности ~ of safety степень обеспеченности ссуды maximum profit ~ максимальная норма прибыли negative gross ~ потеря валовой прибыли net ~ коэффициент доходности net ~ коэффициент прибыльности net profit ~ коэффициент доходности net profit ~ коэффициент прибыльности ~ край;
    полоса, грань;
    берег;
    опушка (леса) ;
    предел;
    on the margin of poverty на грани нищеты operating profit ~ чистая прибыль от основной деятельности pay a ~ выплачивать маржу price ~ предельная цена profit ~ коэффициент прибыльности profit ~ размер прибыли profit ~ разница между ценой за товар изготовителя и стоимостью товара profit ~ чистая прибыль profit: ~ margin размер прибыли;
    profit motive корысть;
    корыстолюбивые побуждения proportional tax ~ предел пропорционального налога safety ~ граница безопасности safety ~ вчт. запас надежности safety ~ запас надежости safety ~ запас прочности safety ~ коэффициент безопасности safety ~ резерв установленной мощности электростанции safety ~ степень обеспеченности ссуды security ~ вчт. запас надежности solvency ~ граница платежеспособности solvency ~ предел платежеспособности split ~ еврокредит с разным размером маржи сверх ставки на лондонском межбанковском рынке депозитов для различных периодов top ~ вчт. верхнее поле trading ~ торговая наценка

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > margin

  • 4 margin

    ['mɑːʤɪn] 1. сущ.

    to write / leave notes / remarks on / in the margins — делать заметки на полях

    to adjust / set a margin — устанавливать поле ( при печатании на машинке)

    comfortable / handsome / large / wide margin — большие, широкие поля

    narrow / slender / slim / small margin — узкие поля

    2)
    а) кромка, край; приграничная область; берег

    She stood there all alone at the margin of the woods. — Она стояла совсем одна на опушке леса.

    Syn:
    б) периферия (менее важная, типичная часть)
    в) граница, предел (чего-л. допустимого, возможного)

    on the margin of poverty / good taste — на грани нищеты / безвкусицы

    3) запас, резерв (времени, денег и пр.)

    margin for error / mistakes — поправка на возможные ошибки

    4) разница; преимущество

    by a slim / narrow margin — с небольшим преимуществом

    The bill passed by a one-vote margin. — Законопроект был принят с преимуществом в один голос.

    They won by a margin of two points. — Они победили с преимуществом в два очка.

    5) эк.
    а) прибыль, разница между покупной и продажной ценой; маржа
    б) гарантийный задаток, взнос
    6)
    а) детали и части деталей, не являющиеся скрепляющими
    б) стр. части шифера или черепицы, не покрытые лежащими выше листами
    2. гл.
    1) делать, оставлять поля ( на страницах книги)
    Syn:
    border 2.
    2)
    а) снабжать маленькими комментариями; украшать незначительными деталями, оттенять (литературное произведение, речь)
    б) оставлять, делать заметки на полях
    3)
    а) окаймлять, окружать, обрамлять ( некоторое пространство)

    The yellow leaf is margined with green. — Листок с зелёной каёмкой.

    •
    Syn:
    4) эк. вносить, предоставлять задаток; использовать в качестве задатка

    Англо-русский современный словарь > margin

  • 5 provision

    noun
    1) (providing) Bereitstellung, die

    as a or by way of provision against... — zum Schutz gegen...

    make provision for — vorsorgen od. Vorsorge treffen für [Notfall]; berücksichtigen [Inflation]

    2) (amount available) Vorrat, der
    3) in pl. (food) Lebensmittel; (for expedition also) Proviant, der
    4) (legal statement) Verordnung, die; (clause) Bestimmung, die
    * * *
    [prə'viʒən] 1. noun
    1) (the act of providing: The government are responsible for the provision of education for all children.) die Versorgung
    2) (an agreed arrangement.) die Vorkehrung
    3) (a rule or condition.) die Bestimmung
    2. verb
    (to supply (especially an army) with food.) mit Proviant versorgen
    - academic.ru/58630/provisional">provisional
    - provisionally
    - provisions
    - make provision for
    * * *
    pro·vi·sion
    [prə(ʊ)ˈvɪʒən, AM prəˈ-]
    I. n
    1. no pl (providing) Versorgung f, Bereitstellung f; (financial precaution) Vorkehrung f
    to make \provision for sb/sth für jdn/etw Vorsorge treffen
    \provisions for pensions and similar allowances Rückstellungen für Pensionen und ähnliche Verpflichtungen
    2. (something supplied) Vorrat m (of an + dat)
    3. (stipulation) Auflage f
    with the \provision that... unter der Bedingung, dass...
    II. vt ( form)
    ▪ to \provision sb/sth jdn/etw versorgen
    III. vi vorsorgen
    ▪ to \provision against sth gegen etw akk Vorkehrungen treffen
    * * *
    [prə'vIZən]
    1. n
    1) (= act of supplying) (for others) Bereitstellung f; (for one's own team, expedition etc) Beschaffung f; (of food, gas, water etc) Versorgung f (of mit, to sb jds)
    2) (= supply) Vorrat m (of an +dat)

    we had an ample provision of reference books/houses etc — uns (dat) standen genügend Nachschlagewerke/Häuser etc zur Verfügung

    3)
    4) (= allowance) Berücksichtigung f; (= arrangement) Vorkehrung f; (= stipulation) Bestimmung f

    with the provision that... — mit dem Vorbehalt or der Bedingung, dass...

    is there no provision for such cases in the legislation? — sind solche Fälle im Gesetz nicht berücksichtigt or vorgesehen?

    to make provision for sb/one's family/the future — für jdn/für seine Familie/für die Zukunft Vorsorge or Vorkehrungen treffen

    to make provision for sth — etw vorsehen; (in legislation, rules also) etw berücksichtigen; (for margin of error etc) etw einkalkulieren

    the council made provision for recreation — die Stadt hat Freizeiteinrichtungen geschaffen

    2. vt
    die Verpflegung liefern für; expedition verproviantieren; troops (mit Proviant) beliefern or versorgen
    * * *
    provision [prəˈvıʒn]
    A s
    1. a) Vorkehrung f, Vorsorge f, (vorsorgliche) Maßnahme
    b) Vor-, Einrichtung f:
    make provision vorsorgen oder Vorkehrungen treffen ( for für), sich schützen ( against vor dat, gegen)
    2. JUR Bestimmung f, Vorschrift f:
    come within the provisions of the law unter die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen fallen
    3. JUR Bedingung f, Vorbehalt m:
    with the provision that … unter der Bedingung, dass …
    4. Beschaffung f, Besorgung f, Bereitstellung f:
    provision of funds WIRTSCH Kapitalbeschaffung
    5. pl (Lebensmittel)Vorräte pl, (-)Vorrat m ( beide:
    of an dat), Nahrungs-, Lebensmittel pl, Proviant m:
    provision dealer ( oder merchant) Lebensmittelhändler(in)
    6. meist pl besonders WIRTSCH Rückstellungen pl, -lagen pl, Reserven pl, (angelegter) Vorrat (of an dat):
    make provisions Rückstellungen bilden
    B v/t mit Lebensmitteln oder Proviant versorgen, verproviantieren
    * * *
    noun
    1) (providing) Bereitstellung, die

    as a or by way of provision against... — zum Schutz gegen...

    make provision for — vorsorgen od. Vorsorge treffen für [Notfall]; berücksichtigen [Inflation]

    2) (amount available) Vorrat, der
    3) in pl. (food) Lebensmittel; (for expedition also) Proviant, der
    4) (legal statement) Verordnung, die; (clause) Bestimmung, die
    * * *
    n.
    Bereitstellung f.
    Vorkehrung f.
    Vorsorge -n f.

    English-german dictionary > provision

  • 6 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
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    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

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